key elements of a community health assessment

Jones and Bartlett, 2009, as adapted in Public Health Accreditation Board Acronyms and Glossary of Terms Version 1.0 [PDF 536KB], July 2011. The committee notes that some guides consider evaluation not as a step of HIA but rather as an independent practice that supports the development of the field (see Appendix E). The committee notes that in any assessment, it would be difficult or impossible to quantify all potential health impacts. Thus, HIA teams may include not only health experts but professionals in other related disciplines, such as air or water quality or traffic modeling. Public and stakeholder participation during scoping can serve several important purposes, such as providing local knowledge regarding existing conditions and potential impacts, introducing alternatives or mitigation measures that stakeholders would endorse as effective ways to address key concerns, and allowing representative participation in shaping the terms of the HIA by groups affected by the proposal. Health impact assessment is conducted to inform a decision-making process and is intended to be concluded and communicated in advance of the decision that is being assessed. Some decisions to conduct HIA may depend on a specific statutory requirement or mandated procedure. Box 3-4 provides several examples of topics that have been addressed in HIA by using quantitative methods. The Public Health Accreditation board defines community health assessment as a systematic examination of the health status indicators for a given population that is used to identify key problems and assets in a community. Screening establishes the need for and value of conducting an HIA. Scoping considers input from many sources, including preliminary literature searches, public input, and professional or expert opinion in fields relevant to the proposal. Third, it informs government agencies and officials of potential changes in demand for services, such as health care, emergency response, and public safety; this can facilitate an appropriate response. As described in Appendix A, there are few laws in the United States that specifically require HIA, although manysuch as the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)require a consideration of health that can be accomplished through HIA. By necessity, therefore, impact assessment is a pragmatic exercise and reflects a balance between scientific rigor and professional judgment. The assessment also highlighted several potential benefits, such as funding for infrastructure and health care; increased employment and income; and continued funding of existing infrastructure (BLM 2007, p. 500). Monitoring should provide information that allows one to conduct the evaluations noted above. Because any actions taken on the basis of HIA recommendations need to be implemented within a specific legal and policy context, screening needs to establish a clear description of the decision-making process and context. Community Health Assessment and Improvement Planning - NACCHO The recommendations should be provided in the final HIA report and should document available supporting evidence, stakeholder input, and a health-management plan, which should do the following: If no recommendations are made in the HIA report, an explicit rationale should be provided for the decision not to include them. The baseline profile characterizes the health status of affected populations and includes trends and factors (social, economic, and environmental) known to affect health. A local community-based organization worked (more). In some cases, the team may draw on outside consultants who have expertise in a specific health issue or method. However, the committee notes that there are several benefits of disclosure for industry, policy-makers, and the affected communities. It follows a systematic process that includes screening, scoping, assessment, recommendations, reporting, and monitoring and evaluation. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). An evaluation plan should have been developed early in the HIA process to guide selection of the appropriate methods for conducting evaluations. An initial brief summary of the pathways through which health could be affected and the health effects to be addressed, including a rationale for how the effects were chosen and an account of any potential health effects that were considered but were not selected and why. Document No. A clear explanation should be provided with the characterization of effects that indicates the evidence used to develop the matrix and any limitations, data gaps, and uncertainties. Crossings at 29th St./San Pedro St. Area Health Impact Assessment. PDF Table of Contents It includes the information that was taken into account and the final output of the screening process, which was a decision on whether to commission and proceed with an HIA. To receive email updates about this page, enter your email address: We take your privacy seriously. Using this generic model as a template, let's fill in the details with another example of a logic model, one that describes a community health effort to prevent tuberculosis. As for any other research method, qualitative analysis in HIA should use appropriate methods and a clear, rigorous research design. Even when there is substantial uncertainty, an assessment can illuminate potential causal pathways thateven when there appear to be conflicting influences on a specific outcomecan point the way toward a flexible framework for monitoring and managing any impacts that might occur as the proposal is implemented. Qualitative data can be gathered through, for example, focus groups, one-on-one interviews, surveys, individual meetings with stakeholder organizations, testimony in community meetings, Web-based or other written input, and running a stand or exhibition in a public place. For that reason, it is important that scoping begin with a systematic consideration of all potential effects rather than limiting consideration to a subset of issues predetermined by the teams research interests or regulatory requirements. Influences on practice include the timeline, resources and skills available to the HIA team, the factors being considered and the data available for analysis, and the legal and regulatory context of the decision-making process. The committee notes that public involvement is important in screening; information provided by stakeholders may provide insight into the potential effects of a proposal under consideration that contribute to the final determination of whether an HIA is warranted and likely to be useful. Health impact assessment. It identified which areas and villages were most likely to be affected and when. Sixth, because many established environmental risk factors are found at higher concentrations in vulnerable communities, disclosure of risks may be an important way to reduce health disparities and address concerns about environmental justice (Miranda et al. Accessibility Indicators may be health outcomes in some cases, whereas health determinants may be more appropriate in others. For example, rather than providing an estimate of lung-cancer rates in a small community, an HIA might identify smoking rates and important sources of airborne pollutants in the communitys airshed. Northeast National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (NPR-A) Draft Supplemental Integrated Activity Plan/Environmental Impact Statement (IAP/EIS). Health Impact Assessment: International Best Practice Principles. You can review and change the way we collect information below. A community health improvement plan is critical for developing policies and defining actions to target efforts that promote health. Kuo T, Jarosz CJ, Simon P, Fielding JE. Decisions are often based on incomplete information and must often be made within a specified time rather than waiting for more complete information. For example, U.S. priorities for improving public health are expressed in the Healthy People 2020 Program of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS 2010). PDF Community Health Resource Centers: A Toolkit - Episcopal Health Foundation Suicide in young people: screening, risk assessment, and intervention ADA (Atlanta Development Authority). In contrast, the effect of decisions on some health outcomes (such as cancer or obesity) may take years to occur and may have multiple contributing factors. These 7 components are oftentimes divided into three stages: (1) information, research, and data collection stage, (2) a prioritization and strategy design stage, and (3) an implementation and action stage. Directive 2001/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2001 on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Health Impact Assessment for Regeneration Projects. Not all HIAs will meet all proposed criteria, but the criteria are intended to describe typical practice. 2009; Castro et al. Participatory approaches that actively engage stakeholders in the process can yield rich information and provide opportunities for stakeholdersincluding community membersto influence the questions asked and to participate in the interpretation of findings. Personal (income, employment; can include occupational risk), Revenue or expense to local, state, or tribal government (support for or drain on services, infrastructure), Need for new roads and transit, water, or sanitation systems, New services as a direct result of proposal, Drain on existing services resulting from proposed action. 3, Elements of a Health Impact Assessment. 2017 Jul/Aug;23 Suppl 4 Suppl, Community Health Status Assessment:S14-S21. CDC is not responsible for the content of materials not generated by CDC. Acknowledgement of plans for future outcome evaluation or discussion of limitations that prevent such an evaluation. Parry JM, Kemm JR. Because it will often not be practical or possible to address all direct and indirect health effects that appear theoretically possible, it is important to select issues carefully. Scoping identifies those likely to be affected by the proposed policy, project, program, or plan. Fifth, transparent reporting of possible environmental and health impacts has proved in many studies to lead to risk reduction because it motivates changes, such as improved pollution controls, on the part of industry and governments (Wolf 1996; Bennear and Olmstead 2008; Vaccaro and Madsen 2009). The press coverage recognized the tension between the burden that this new requirement would place on businesses and how the health of employees and the wider community are affected by people who work while they are ill. Human Impact Partners noted that many including labor groups and fundersused the HIAs to assess work and family issues. . McAuliffe M. Developers of Proposed Springfield Biomass Plant tell Public Health Council: Nothing Less Than the Best. A community health improvement plan (or CHIP) is a long-term, systematic effort to address public health problems based on the results of community health assessment activities and the community health improvement process. The process may include identifying communities and geographic regions; demographic, economic, racial, and ethnic groups; and vulnerable populations, such as children, elderly people, disabled people, low-income people, racial and ethnic minorities, and people who have pre-existing health conditions. It can also include information from social-science and epidemiologic studies regarding the strength of associations between the social and physical environment (such as air and water quality and economic impacts) and health outcomesinformation essential in the quantitative prediction of health effects. For example, although rapid HIAs are small-scale, low-cost investigations, comprehensive HIAs that require new primary data collection can take longer than a year to complete and require substantially more resources. Agreeing on a target population. Why Community Health Is Important for Public Health - Tulane University National Public Health Performance Standards Program, National Center for State, Tribal, Local, and Territorial Public Health Infrastructure and Workforce, SDOH Research by CDC Authors: Frequently Asked Questions, Examples of How the SDOH Can Be Addressed Through the 10 Essential Public Health Services, Performance Management & Quality Improvement, National Public Health Improvement Initiative, National Public Health Performance Standards, Public Health Finance and Infrastructure Support, Competencies for Public Health Professionals, National Leadership Academy for the Public's Health, Supporting the Performance Improvement Workforce, Alerts About Current & Projected Funding Opportunities, Cooperative Agreements, Grants & Partnerships, Strengthening Public Health Systems & Services, USAPI Strengthening Public Health Systems & Services, Integrity & Accountability Review Offices, National Health Initiatives, Strategies & Action Plans, State & Territorial Health Department Websites, US Territories & Freely Associated States, Style for Referring to US Territories & Freely Associated States, About the Public Health Infrastructure Center, Implementing the Community Health Needs Assessment Process, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Multisector collaborations that support shared ownership of all phases of community health improvement, including assessment, planning, investment, implementation, and evaluation, Proactive, broad, and diverse community engagement to improve results, A definition of community that encompasses both a significant enough area to allow for population-wide interventions and measurable results, and includes a targeted focus to address disparities among subpopulations, Maximum transparency to improve community engagement and accountability, Use of evidence-based interventions and encouragement of innovative practices with thorough evaluation, Evaluation to inform a continuous improvement process, Use of the highest quality data pooled from, and shared among, diverse public and private sources, Improved organizational and community coordination and collaboration, Increased knowledge about public health and the interconnectedness of activities, Strengthened partnerships within state and local public health systems, Identified strengths and weaknesses to address in quality improvement efforts, Baselines on performance to use in preparing for accreditation, Benchmarks for public health practice improvements.

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